By Jon Berry,
Alan Oxley
and Dan LeRoy
The Fraser Institute
As trade tensions between Canada and the United States over North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) renegotiations continue, and U.S. President Donald Trump places Canada’s protection of various sectors of its agricultural industry front and centre, Canadian policy-makers would be well advised to learn lessons from their Commonwealth cousins in Australia about phasing-out supply management.
Canada’s policy of supply management means that Canadians pay much higher prices for staple foods such as milk, cheese, eggs and poultry. These higher prices are enforced in two ways.
First, the amount of domestic production is limited by government regulation.
Second, imports face stiff penalties (tariffs), making them markedly more expensive than domestically-produced substitutes. The tariffs range from 168 per cent for eggs to almost 300 per cent for butter.
The higher prices on agricultural staples disproportionately hurt lower-income families across Canada, who spend a much higher share of their household income on food than families with higher incomes.
However, the increasing trade tension caused by Canada’s supply management presents an opportunity for Canada to phase out a policy it should have eliminated years – if not decades – ago. And Australia provides a working example.
In 2000, Australia dismantled agricultural subsidies that had protected the dairy industry since the 1920s. For most of the 20th century, successive governments stabilized the supply and price of milk, butter and cheese through protectionist policies and subsidies. Just as in Canada, that meant higher prices for consumers and less efficient farms.
A series of policy reforms in Australia starting in the 1980s addressed some of these issues and in 2000 the industry was deregulated. State marketing authorities, which had been responsible for setting prices and managing supply, were abolished along with the premium paid for drinking milk.
The Australian federal government also introduced a package of measures worth more than A$2 billion by a temporary levy on the reduced price of milk, to assist farmers with the transition.
The opening of the dairy market was not abrupt but rather introduced systematically over an eight-year period to allow time for farmers to transition.
The results of these reforms have been unambiguously positive. Consumers have benefited from lower prices for milk with prices falling by 12 cents per litre in the first six months following deregulation.
While there has been consolidation in the industry, surviving farmers have benefited from a 56 per cent increase in wholesale prices for their milk. National milk supply has been maintained, and larger farms are driving much greater productivity. Exports of milk have increased as Australian dairy farmers have become more efficient and now represent the third most important agricultural export after beef and wheat, with earnings of roughly A$3 billion annually.
The key to this success was the transition period for the industry. Farmers were given only a nine-month advance notice of the reforms – but had a transition period of almost nine years.
Farmers had three choices: exit, expand or transition. In all three cases, they were given financial and policy support to adjust to the new environment.
The Australian reforms reduced consumer prices, and that disproportionately benefits lower-income households. The reforms also make the industry much more efficient and internationally competitive.
And the transition period and the funding provided to many farmers, particularly those who chose to transition out of the industry, meant the reforms were implemented with minimum disruption.
There is a way for Canada to both resolve a major trade irritant and reform an outdated and anachronistic policy that protects a small group of farmers at the expense of higher prices for staples.
Australia’s experience shows there’s a better way forward for Canadians, including Canadian farmers.
Jon Berry and Alan Oxley are trade analysts in Australia with ITS Global and authors of a recent study on supply management by the Fraser Institute. Dan LeRoy is a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute and an agricultural economist at the University of Lethbridge.
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